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ADHD UK Medication ADHD medications are controlled drugs' and require a specialist physician to prescribe them. These stimulants include methylphenidate (Ritalin and Concerta) and amphetamines salts, and atomoxetine. Other non-medical treatments such as talking therapy is also recommended. The use of medication can ease symptoms but they don't change longstanding negative coping mechanisms. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is the most frequently prescribed ADHD drug in the UK. It is also used for narcolepsy, and other mental disorders. It is available as immediate-release tablets and extended-release capsules. The extended-release capsules are less soluble and last longer. It is prescribed for a brief time period and the dosage is determined by the individual's symptoms. In general, stimulant medicines stimulate brain regions that control attention and behavior. They are sometimes referred to as “cognitive enhancements” and aid in paying attention, focus and remain focused. Methylphenidate works by increasing activity in the regions of the brain that are inactive when people suffer from ADHD. It also functions as a central nervous system stimulant and can improve the way that your body uses energy. It is sold under the brand name Ritalin. A recent study found that methylphenidate prescriptions have increased eightfold in UK in the last two decades. This is a major public health problem and could suggest that ADHD is being diagnosed too often in the UK. Researchers looked at the data from the Clinical Practice Research Database, which includes information on all NHS patients registered in England with a GP between 1992 and 2013. The study examined the use of medications classified as CNS stimulants and approved for ADHD in the British National Formulary. This includes atomoxetine, methylphenidate (including immediate-release methylphenidate and methylphenidate prolonged release) as well as dexamphetamine and its derivative lisdexamfetamine as well as modafinil. Pemoline is not available in the UK due to liver toxicity, was excluded from the study. The study found that methylphenidate was the most commonly prescribed medication prescribed to children 5 and under, with almost quarter of children being prescribed it. Despite the fact that National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NIHCE) guidelines recommend that medication is only the first-line treatment for children with severe ADHD symptoms This is exactly what occurred. Alternatively, they recommend parents to consider psychological intervention instead. The results suggest that the increase in methylphenidate prescriptions is partly down to the availability of mental health services, but may also reflect the increasing recognition of ADHD among young people and the increasing desire to seek diagnosis and treatment. There could also be instances of inappropriate prescribing methylphenidate to teenagers and young adults. Atomoxetine Atomoxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibit (SNRI), is used to treat ADHD in children and adolescents. It is also used to treat comorbid signs of anxiety. It is not a stimulant, and it has low abuse potential. It has been proven to be effective in clinical studies and is a good option for children who do not respond well to stimulants. However the long-term safety of atomoxetine is not established. Atomoxetine differs from other ADHD medications for ADHD. It increases the amount of a chemical called noradrenaline within the brain. This chemical is responsible for transmitting messages between nerve cells, and increasing its levels can enhance concentration and help control impulses. It is available in capsule form and is taken every daily. The medication is usually taken in conjunction with other treatments, such as psychological therapy, educational support and cognitive therapy for behavioural issues. In one study, atomoxetine was found to be more effective than placebo when it comes to improving ADHD symptoms. This drug is also well-tolerated and has less risk of adverse effects than stimulants, especially in children. Furthermore, a cost-effectiveness analysis revealed that treatment methods that included the use of atomoxetine were less costly than those using dexamfetamine or methylphenidate. This drug can cause serious side effects including suicidal thoughts. Consult your physician immediately if you child exhibits these signs. In addition, atomoxetine could interact with certain medicines like monoamine oxidase inhibiters (MAOIs) like phenelzine. If your child is taking MAOIs, ask your doctor for a different medication. Certain people may experience feeling of fatigue, a loss of appetite or stomach pain. These side effects may be severe or mild, depending on the individual. Atomoxetine has been linked with a rare and serious condition known as hepatic impairment. This condition can result in liver failure. In some cases it can be fatal. T here fore, it is important to check with your doctor before taking this medicine if you have a history of liver problems or other health issues. It is crucial to inform your doctor about all medications you take such as herbal and alternative treatments. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins and minerals. It is essential to inform your doctor if you are taking any other ADHD medication, like methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine. You should also tell your doctor that you or your child is pregnant, breastfeeding, or thinking about becoming pregnant. Dexamfetamine Dexamfetamine is a stimulant and is used to treat ADHD in adults. It can improve concentration and attention, reduce the impulsive behavior, and improve mood. It is available in a capsule, a solution or orally. It is essential to take it regularly and as recommended by your physician. If you stop taking too much or stop abruptly can cause problems. It is not recommended to drive or operate machines if you take this medication. Also, you should not carry the medication without a prescription. Always carry the proof that you were prescribed the medication. It is recommended to carry your medication with you to school or at work in case you need it during the day. Dexamfetamine must be used with caution by epilepsy patients because it may lower the threshold for convulsions. It should not be used in patients with an history of blood vessel or cardiac problems, such as coronary heart disease or high blood pressure. It is not recommended to use during pregnancy or nursing. It is excreted in breast milk, so it could pose a threat to the baby. If symptoms of ADHD become more severe, a visit to the physician is recommended. This will help determine if the condition is controlled through medication and if the medication is appropriate. This will allow the doctor to alter dosages or switch to alternative treatments, if required. A doctor will begin the patient with a low dose and gradually increase it to ensure that they receive the correct level of medication. It is also an ideal idea to take the tablets at the same time every day, ideally with food. This will help you remember when to take them, and will lower the chance of missing doses. Psychoeducation and therapy may be beneficial for people with ADHD, in addition to medication. This can help children and adults cope with their condition. Therapy can assist them in dealing with additional issues such as depression or anxiety. Psychoeducation is a blend of educational materials and professional assistance Therapy can be cognitive or behavioural. Modafinil Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting prescription drug that reduces extreme sleepiness that accompanies conditions such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and shift work sleep disorder. Modafinil is available off-label by adults who are over 18 years old to treat symptoms of ADHD. However, it is not approved for this purpose and should only be taken under the supervision of a physician. It is only available on a prescription, and should be kept in a secure place away from children. It is important to adhere to the instructions on the prescription label. Also, ask your pharmacist or doctor to explain any aspect of the medicine that you are unable to comprehend. The NHS website describes Modafinil as an anti-sleep central nervous system stimulant. Modafinil is prescribed for the treatment of narcolepsy but it has been extensively used by people suffering from Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis and fatigue caused by sleep apnea/hypopnea, or shift work. Students, executives and military personnel who need to stay alert are also popular users. A recent survey of UK students revealed that one-in-five students had taken a “smart drug” to boost their focus during exams. Jack Rivlin, 24, editor of the student newspaper The Tab in Farringdon, London and told BBC Newsbeat that he had purchased modafinil from an offshore website for PS130 last term to aid him in his revision. Modafinil, he says, has helped him keep up with his notes and pass his test even though that he doesn't believe it makes him smarter. These drugs aren't magic cures, and they can cause serious side-effects. In addition to its wakefulness-promoting effects, modafinil can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems in some patients, especially those with heart disease. Modafinil can also interact with certain medications, including antidepressants and some sedatives. You may also suffer withdrawal symptoms and become dependent on the drug if suddenly stop taking it. Like methylphenidate and atomoxetine, modafinil is classified as a Class B drug, which means that it's illegal to possess or supply. If you are caught, you could be facing up to five years in prison.